Tuesday, 4 November 2014

2016 Summer Olympics

"2016 Olympics" redirects here. For the Winter Youth Olympics, see 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.
"Rio 2016" redirects here. For the 2016 Paralympic Games, see 2016 Summer Paralympics.
Games of the XXXI Olympiad
Official logo of the 2016 Summer Olympics. More..
Host cityRio de Janeiro, Brazil
MottoLive your passion
(Portuguese: Viva sua paixão)
Nations participating206 qualified
Events306 in 28 sports
Opening ceremonyAugust 5
Closing ceremonyAugust 21
StadiumMaracanã Stadium
Olympic rings
Part of a series on
The 2016 Summer Olympics officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad and as Rio 2016, is a major international multi-sport event due to be celebrated in the tradition of the Olympic Games, as governed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
The host city of the Games will be Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, announced at the 121st IOC Session held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 2, 2009. The games will open on August 5, 2016 and the closing ceremony will be on August 21, 2016.
There will be 35 competition venues mainly in Barra da Tijuca, but also in three other zones: Copacabana, Deodoro, and Maracanã. It will be the first time a South American and Lusophone city will host the event.

Contents

  [hide] 
  • 1 Bidding process
  • 2 Development and preparation
    • 2.1 Venues and infrastructure
    • 2.2 Public Transport
    • 2.3 Security
    • 2.4 Concerns over completion
      • 2.4.1 Emergency host cities
    • 2.5 Financing
      • 2.5.1 Phase I – Applicant City
      • 2.5.2 Phase II – Candidate City
    • 2.6 Volunteers
    • 2.7 Ticketing
    • 2.8 Medals
    • 2.9 Opening ceremony
    • 2.10 Closing ceremony
  • 3 The Games
    • 3.1 Participating National Olympic Committees
    • 3.2 Sports
    • 3.3 Calendar
    • 3.4 Records
    • 3.5 Medal count
  • 4 Logo
  • 5 Broadcasting
  • 6 See also
  • 7 References
  • 8 External links

Bidding process

Main article: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics

The then president Lula (center withflag of Brazil), the then governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro Sérgio Cabral(right), when in 2009, Rio was announced as host.
The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games was officially launched on May 16, 2007.[1] The first step for each city was to submit an initial application to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by September 13, 2007, confirming their intention to bid. Completed official bid files, containing answers to a 25-question IOC form, were to be submitted by each applicant city by January 14, 2008. Four candidate cities were chosen for the shortlist on June 4, 2008: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro, and Tokyo (which hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics). The IOC did not promote Doha to the Candidature phase, despite scoring higher than selected candidate city Rio de Janeiro, due to their intent of hosting the Olympics in October, outside of the IOC's sporting calendar. Prague and Baku also failed to make the cut.[2]
Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Olympics bids. The commission made on-site inspections in the second quarter of 2009. They issued a comprehensive technical appraisal for IOC members on September 2, one month before elections.[3]
There are many restrictions barring the bidding cities from communicating with or influencing directly the 115 voting members. Cities cannot invite any IOC members to visit them and they cannot send them anything that can be construed as a gift. However, bidding cities invest large sums in their PR and media programs in an attempt to indirectly influence the IOC members by garnering domestic support, support from sports media and general international media. Jon Tibbs, a consultant on the Tokyo bid, was recently quoted as saying “Ultimately, you are communicating with just 115 people and each one has influencers and pressure groups but you are still speaking to no more than about 1,500 people, perhaps 5,000 in the broadest sense. It is not just about getting ads out there but it is about a targeted and very carefully planned campaign.”[4]
The final voting was held on October 2, 2009, in Copenhagen with Chicago and Rio de Janeiro perceived as favourites to land the games. Chicago and Tokyo were eliminated after the first and second rounds of voting, respectively, while Rio de Janeiro took a significant lead over Madrid heading into the final round. The lead held and Rio de Janeiro was announced as host, becoming the first city in South America to host an Olympic Games.
2016 Summer Olympics bidding results[5]
CityNOCRound 1Round 2Round 3
Rio de Janeiro Brazil264666
Madrid Spain282932
Tokyo Japan2220—
Chicago United States18——

Development and preparation


Map of Rio de Janeiro showing the competition venues for the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Engenhão (João Havelange Stadium), site of athletic events.

Maracanã Stadium, site of the opening and closing ceremonies, in addition to the finals of football.

HSBC Arena, site of artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, basketball, and trampoline.

Sambadrome, site of marathon andarchery.

On June 26, 2011 it was reported on AroundTheRings.com that Roderlei Generali, the COO of the Rio de Janeiro Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, resigned just one year after taking the job at ROOC. This comes just five months after CCO Flávio Pestana quit for personal reasons.[6] Pestana withdrew later during the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Renato Ciuchin was then appointed as COO.[7]

Venues and infrastructure

Main article: Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics
Barra da Tijuca will host most of the venues of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2016. The rest will be located in three other zones: Copacabana Beach, Maracanãand Deodoro; Barra da Tijuca will also house the Olympic Village.
Rio's historical downtown is undergoing a large-scale urban waterfront revitalization project called Porto Maravilha.[8] It covers 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) in area. The project aims to redevelop the port area increasing the city center's attractiveness and enhancing Rio’s competitiveness position in the global economy. The urban renovation involves: 700 km (430 mi) of public networks for water supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom; 4 km (2.5 mi) of tunnels; 70 km (43 mi) of roads; 650 km2 (250 sq mi) of sidewalks; 17 km (11 mi) of bike path; 15,000 trees; three sanitation treatment plants.

Public Transport

BRT system that express Buses Transport BRT Line of Rio de Janeiro Metro's underground to be completed by December 2015

Security

Since the award of the 2016 Olympics to Rio de Janeiro, the city's crime problems have received more attention. A police helicopter was shot down over a favela during one of the city's many drug wars, and the pilot was killed in the incident.[9] Rio's mayor has admitted that there are "big issues" facing the city in securing the games from violence. However, he also states that such concerns and issues were presented to the IOC throughout the bidding process.[10] The governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro also highlighted the fact that London faced security problems with a terrorist attack occurring on the day following the IOC session that chose the city to host the 2012 Olympic Games.
The IOC, however, has expressed optimism with allowing the city and the nation of Brazil to address these concerns.[11] Seven years is enough time for Rio de Janeiro to clean up its crime problem the IOC says. IOC spokesman Mark Adams told The Associated Press "we have confidence in their capacity to deliver a safe Games in seven years". "Security is of course a very important aspect of any Olympic Games no matter where it is in the world. This is of course entirely under the national, regional and city authorities."[12][13][14] Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former president of Brazil, has noted that the city has hosted other high-profile events without major incidents, for example the 2007 Pan American Games.[15]
Rio de Janeiro is planning to pacify local neighbourhoods or favelas. Community-based Police Pacification Units (UPPs) will be used to combine trust-building in individual communities, through the use of street patrols and civic work.[16] Moreover, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, homicides have fallen to the lowest level since 1991, indicating the success of Brazil's "pacification" project implemented for the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics.[17] The Regional Institute of Public Safety reported that the homicide rate of Rio de Janeiro for the first five months of 2012 was at its lowest in the past 21 years, with 10.9 homicides for every 100,000 habitants.[17][18] Nonetheless, despite the decline in homicides and human rights abuses, the Human Rights Watch urged Brazil to investigate extrajudicial killings.[19]

Concerns over completion


Maria Lenk Aquatic Center, site ofdiving and synchronised swimming.

Maracanãzinho Gymnasium, site of volleyball.

Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, site ofrowing and canoeing.

Marina of Glória, site of sailing.[20]

Copacabana Beach, site of open water swimming, triathlon and beach volleyball.
On 9 May 2014, the London Evening Standard reported IOC vice-president John Coates calling Brazil’s preparations “the worst I’ve experienced” and went on to claim that construction and infrastructure projects were severely behind schedule. “The IOC has formed a special task force to try to speed up preparations but the situation is critical on the ground,” the paper quoted him as saying, concluding that such an intervention was “unprecedented”.[21] Coates' concerns had previously been reported elsewhere in the media.[22][23]

Emergency host cities

In the same article, the London Evening Standard claims that "an informal approach" had been made by the IOC to see whether, in case of Rio not being ready in time, London could act as an emergency host city, quoting an unnamed source as saying: “At a comparable planning stage in 2004 Athens had done 40 per cent of preparations on infrastructure, stadiums and so on. London had done 60 per cent. Brazil has done 10 per cent — and they have just two years left. So the IOC is thinking, ‘What’s our plan B?’. Obviously, the answer would be to come back to London. It’s very unlikely but it would be the logical thing to do.” The Standard also reported, however, that the idea had been officially dismissed by a spokeswoman for the IOC, calling it a “non-starter and unfeasible”.[24]
In June of 2014, before starting the 2014 FIFA World Cup, reports citing confidential meetings between the IOC and Madrid authorities arose in Spanish media pointing towards the possibility of hosting the games in Madrid.[25][26][27]
While highly unusual, a move of the Games to another host city would not be unprecedented. The 1908 Summer Olympics were originally scheduled to take place in Rome, Italy, but were then held in London after an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 had put Italy under severe financial strain. The 1976 Winter Olympics were originally awarded to Denver, USA but then were held in Innsbruck, Austria due to local political red tape regarding public funding for stadiums.

Financing

Phase I – Applicant City

       Revenue     Federal Government      State Government        TOTAL
       Public Funds     3,022,097.88    3,279,984.98    6,302,082.86
        Donations by individuals        TOTAL
       Private Funds    2,804,822.16    2,804,822.16
       GENERAL TOTAL    9,106,905.02

Phase II – Candidate City

Revenue Public funds Private funds GENERAL TOTAL Federal government 47,402,531.75 Instituto EBX 13,000,000.00 State government 3,617,556.00 Eike Bastista 10,000,000.00 Municipal government 4,995,620.93 Bradesco S/A 3,500,000.00
           Odebrecht S/A   3,300,000.00     
                Embratel S/A    3,000,000.00     
                TAM Arlines¹    1,233,726.00
TOTAL 56,015,708.68 34,033,726.00 90,049,434.68
¹TAM Airlines contributed with R$ 1,233,726.00 in the form of discounts in air tickets.
NOTE: The residual balance was used to fund the first months of operation of Rio 2016 Organizing Committee.[28]

Volunteers

Rio needs 70,000 volunteers of 2016 Summer Olympics Volunteers Progamme Journay Olympics Rio 2016

Ticketing

The ticket prices were announced on 16 September 2014. A total of 7.5 million tickets will be sold; 200,000 tickets less compared to the 2012 Summer Olympics. Ticket prices range from 40 Brazilian reals for many events to 4600 Brazilian reals for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. About 3.8 million of these tickets will be available for 70 Brazilian reals or less.[29][30] The marathons, triathlons and road cycling events could be watched along the route for free.

Medals

As expected, the medals will be gold, silver, and bronze with gold and bronze plated medals.

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony will take place in the Maracanã Stadium; this is the same stadium where the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final took place. It is scheduled for August 5, 2016.

Closing ceremony

The closing ceremony will also take place at the Maracana Stadium on August 21, 2016.

The Games

Participating National Olympic Committees

The first three nations to qualify athletes for the Games were Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands who each qualified four athletes for the team dressage by winning medals in the team event at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games.[31] As host nation Brazil has also received automatic entry for some sports including in all cycling disciplines and six places for weightlifting events.[32][33] As of October 13th 2014 56 out of the current 204 NOCs have qualified at least one athlete.

Participating National Olympic Committees
  •  Argentina (3)
  •  Australia (20)[31][34]
  •  Austria (8)
  •  Belarus (3)
  •  Belgium (2)
  •  Brazil (98) (host)
  •  Bulgaria (1)
  •  Canada (2)
  •  China (14)
  •  Colombia (18)
  •  Croatia (6)
  •  Cuba (5)
  •  Cyprus (2)
  •  Czech Republic (2)
  •  Denmark (11)
  •  Dominican Republic (1)
  •  Ecuador (1)
  •  Egypt (1)
  •  El Salvador (1)
  •  Estonia (1)
  •  Finland (4)
  •  France (26)[34]
  •  Germany (21)[31][34]
  •  Great Britain (25)[31][34]
  •  Greece (3)
  •  Guatemala (1)
  •  Hungary (2)
  •  India (17)
  •  Ireland (8)[34]
  •  Israel (2)
  •  Italy (15)
  •  Japan (5)
  •  Lithuania (2)
  •  Mexico (1)
  •  Netherlands (22)[31][34]
  •  New Zealand (15)
  •  North Korea (1)
  •  Norway (6)
  •  Poland (3)
  •  Portugal (3)
  •  Russia (11)
  •  Serbia (2)
  •  Singapore (2)
  •  Slovakia (3)
  •  Slovenia (4)
  •  South Korea (21)
  •  Spain (10)[35]
  •  Sweden (11)
  •  Switzerland (4)
  •  Chinese Taipei (1)
  •  Tunisia (1)
  •  Turkey (1)
  •  Ukraine (2)
  •  United States (40)
  •  Vietnam (2)
  •  Virgin Islands (1)

Sports

There were two open spots for sports and initially seven sports began the bidding for inclusion in the 2016 program. Baseball and softball, which were dropped from the program in 2005, karate, squash, golf, roller sports, andrugby union all applied to be included. Leaders of the seven sports held presentations in front of the IOC executive board in June 2009.[36]
In August, the executive board initially gave its approval to rugby sevens—a seven-man version of rugby union—by a majority vote, thus removing baseball, roller sports, and squash from contention. Among the remaining three—golf, karate, and softball, the board approved golf as a result of consultation. The final decision regarding the remaining two sports was made on October 9, 2009, the final day of the 121st IOC Session. A new system was in place at this session; a sport now needed only a simple majority from the full IOC committee for approval rather than the two-thirds majority previously required.[37][38] International Golf Federation executive director Antony Scanlon said that the top players, including Tiger Woods and Annika Sörenstam, would show their continued support of golf's Olympic involvement by participating in the events.[39]
In May 2012, the International Sailing Federation announced that windsurfing would be removed from the 2016 Olympic sailing programme and replaced by kitesurfing.[40] This decision was reversed in November.[41]
In January 2013, representatives for the IOC announced that the commission would be forced to review the status of cycling events following Lance Armstrong's admission to the use of performance-enhancing drugs amid accusations that senior members of the Union Cycliste Internationale —the governing body of cycling— had participated in a cover-up of widespread blood doping within the sport.[42]
In contrast to the exception during the 2012 Olympics, the International Gymnastics Federation announced that these Games will have a gala event for gymnastics.[43]
The 2016 Summer Olympic programme features 28 sports and a total of 41 disciplines and 306 events.

Calendar

All dates are Brasília Time (UTC–3)
This is the provisional calendar as of June 2014 (version 1.3).[44]
OCOpening ceremony●Event competitions1Gold medalsEGExhibition galaCCClosing ceremony
August3
Wed		4
Thu		5
Fri		6
Sat		7
Sun		8
Mon		9
Tue		10
Wed		11
Thu		12
Fri		13
Sat		14
Sun		15
Mon		16
Tue		17
Wed		18
Thu		19
Fri		20
Sat		21
Sun		Gold medals
 CeremoniesOCCC
 Archery●11●●●114
 Athletics236654677147
 Badminton●●●●●111115
 Basketball●●●●●●●●●●●●112
 Boxing●●●●●●●●●●●●3●5511
 Canoeing●●tbdtbdtbd●●tbdtbd●tbd16
 Cycling112tbdtbdtbdtbdtbdtbd●111118
 Diving1111●1●1●●1●18
 Equestrian●●●2●●●●2●116
 Fencing11112111110
 Field hockey●●●●●●●●●●●●112
 Football●●●●●●●●●●112
 Golf●●●1●●●12
 Gymnastics●●111111tbdtbdtbdEG●1118
 Handball●●●●●●●●●●●●●●112
 Judo222222214
 Modern pentathlon112
 Rowing●●●●tbdtbdtbdtbd14
 Rugby sevens●●22
 Sailing●●●●●●tbdtbdtbdtbdtbd11
 Shooting22221212115
 Swimmingtbdtbdtbdtbdtbdtbdtbdtbd1134
 Synchronized swimming●●1●12
 Table tennis●●●●11●●●●114
 Taekwondo22228
 Tennis●●●●●●●224
 Triathlon112
 Volleyball●●●●●●●●●●●11●114
 Water polo●●●●●●●●●●●1●12
 Weightlifting122222111115
 Wrestlingtbdtbdtbdtbdtbdtbdtbdtbd15
Total gold medals301
Cumulative total301
August3
Wed		4
Thu		5
Fri		6
Sat		7
Sun		8
Mon		9
Tue		10
Wed		11
Thu		12
Fri		13
Sat		14
Sun		15
Mon		16
Tue		17
Wed		18
Thu		19
Fri		20
Sat		21
Sun		Gold medals

Records

Medal count

The Rio 2016 logo was designed by Tatíl Design, a Brazilian company, and unveiled on December 31, 2010.[45] The logo represents three figures, in the yellow, green, and blue of the Brazilian flag, joined at the arms and in a triple embrace, with the overall shape reflecting that of Sugarloaf Mountain. The logo was based on four concepts: contagious energy, harmonious diversity, exuberant nature, and Olympic spirit. The Rio firm Tatil designed the winning entry for the logo in a competition involving 139 agencies.[46] According to former IOC President Jacques Rogge, the logo captures the vision of Rio de Janeiro and Brazil for these Games. The logo has been noted as evoking Henri Matisse's painting Dance.[47]

Broadcasting

Main article: List of 2016 Summer Olympics broadcasters
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